Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine from the bladder. It can occur due to various factors, including weakened pelvic floor muscles, hormonal changes, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions. Stress incontinence, the most common type, is triggered by activities such as laughing, coughing, sneezing, or lifting, which put pressure on the bladder. Urge incontinence, on the other hand, is characterized by a sudden and strong urge to urinate, often leading to leakage before reaching a restroom. Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder doesn't empty properly, leading to frequent dribbling. Functional incontinence is when physical or cognitive impairments hinder the ability to reach the restroom in time. Effective treatments for urinary incontinence include pelvic floor exercises, lifestyle changes, medication, and, in severe cases, surgical interventions.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that affect any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. Women are more prone to UTIs due to their shorter urethra, which provides bacteria easier access to the urinary tract. Symptoms of UTIs often include a frequent urge to urinate, burning sensation during urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and discomfort or pressure in the pelvic region. UTIs can be painful and may lead to complications if left untreated, such as kidney infections. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection. Prevention strategies for UTIs include staying hydrated, urinating before and after sexual activity, and maintaining good hygiene practices.